[The review of the monograph "Ambroise Paré. The first surgeon of the Kingdom" by E. E. Berger].

The review considers the approach placing famous French surgeon A. Paré into more general European context of European Renaissance of XVI century and into local context of intellectual life of Paris of this period. The refutation of widespread in history of medicine opinion about strict separation of university medicine from artisan surgery in Medieval Europe is discussed.

Expeditionary Surgeons: Essential to Surgical Leadership in World War II and Today.

This presidential address, given during the Annual Symposium of the Excelsior Surgical Society of the American College of Surgeons, explores the origins of the expeditionary surgeon. The essential traits of such a surgeon-leader are defined using examples from history and are then used to examine the leadership of Edward D Churchill during World War II as the prototypical expeditionary surgeon. In the future, identifying key military surgical leaders as expeditionary surgeons would serve our nation's interests well in preserving our fighting force on the battlefield. Consideration should be given to formally training and designating such surgical leaders for the military and other austere settings.

La Defensa Pasiva y su división médica de emergencia / Passive Defense and its emergency medical division / Passive Defence e sua divisão médica de emergência

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el gobierno de Uruguay intentó prepararse para una eventual defensa militar del territorio y la defensa de la población civil en caso de sufrir ataques aéreos. La Defensa Pasiva, fue la estructura gubernamental que junto a la voluntad en todas las clases sociales, funcionó en todo el territorio nacional con la finalidad de proteger a la población civil de los ataques aéreos y guerra química, generando un espíritu de solidaridad a través de su División Médica de Emergencia.

During the Second World War, the government of Uruguay tried to prepare for an eventual military defense of the territory and the defense of the civilian population in case of air raids. The Passive Defense was the governmental structure that, together with the will of every social class, operated throughout the national territory with the purpose of protecting the civilian population from air raids and chemical weapons, generating a spirit of solidarity through its Emergency Medical Division.

Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial, o governo uruguaio tentou se preparar para uma eventual defesa militar do território e para a defesa da população civil em caso de ataques aéreos. A Defesa Passiva era a estrutura governamental que, juntamente com a vontade de todas as classes sociais, operava em todo o território nacional com o objetivo de proteger a população civil de ataques aéreos e da guerra química, gerando um espírito de solidariedade por meio de sua Divisão Médica de Emergência.

History of Cranial Surgery in World War I: Experience on the Italian Front.

Since ancient history, men have been attempting to intervene when skull trauma occurs. The majority of traumas were always linked to war injuries, and in the modern era, the culprit was reached during World War I. Cranial traumas in wartime were very common, and consequently, physicians in wartime became particularly interested in the subject of cranial traumatology. In the following text, we want to bring to light the experience of some of the pioneers of cranial surgery in Italy during the First Great War. In fact before the war, very few medical officers had received training in central nervous system surgery. In addition, the surgical instruments for that clinical activity were inadequate and obsolete, but to deal with the medical emergency that had arisen on the front lines, the Italian government established Battlefield Medical Schools. And it is also from the reports and lectures of surgeons working on the front lines that the next generations of neurosurgeons were able to develop this surgical field into the complex and well-established surgical specialty that it is today.

[Professor D.Ya. Shurygin - the founder of military endocrinology (to the 100th anniversary of his birth)].

In 2023 it would have been 100 years since the birth of a prominent Soviet endocrinologist, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, chief endocrinologist of the USSR Ministry of Defense (1962-1982), head of the Department of Therapy No. 1 for the improvement of doctors of the Military Medical Academy. CM. Kirov (1972-1982), Professor and Major General of the Medical Service Dorofei Yakovlevich Shurygin.

Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938) teniente coronel médico. Carrera militar, sanitaria, social y política / Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938) medical lieutenant colonel. Military, health, social and political career

Revisión de la biografía militar y civil del doctor Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938), desde su nacimiento, en La Habana, hasta su fallecimiento, en Vigo. Estudios, carrera militar, participación en la Guerra de Cuba y Marruecos, pasó por Santiago, La Coruña, Madrid, Huesca, Pontevedra y Vigo. Describimos su activa participación en la sociedad de las ciudades en las que residió y citamos a personajes destacados que le influyeron. Cumplió un importante papel en la defensa de la salud pública municipal en Vigo, donde fue alcalde (1929-1930). Ocupó el cargo de gobernador civil en Huesca (1931) y el de director del Hospital Militar de Vigo (1917-1931). Sin descendencia, sus escasas cargas familiares le permitieron volcarse en una brillante carrera profesional, militar y política. (AU)

Review of the military and civil biography of Dr. Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938), from his birth in Havana to his death in Vigo. Studies, military career, participation in the wars of Cuba and Morocco, passing through Santiago, La Coruña, Madrid, Huesca, Pontevedra and Vigo. We describe his active participation in the society of the cities he lived and we quote prominent figures who influenced him. In Vigo, where he was mayor (1929-1930), he played a very important role in defending municipal public health. He was civil governor of Huesca (1931) and director of the Military Hospital of Vigo (1917-1931). Without children, his few family responsibilities allowed him to concentrate on a brilliant professional, military and political career. (AU)

Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938) teniente coronel médico. Carrera militar, sanitaria, social y política / Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938) medical lieutenant colonel. Military, health, social and political career

Revisión de la biografía militar y civil del doctor Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938), desde su nacimiento, en La Habana, hasta su fallecimiento, en Vigo. Estudios, carrera militar, participación en la Guerra de Cuba y Marruecos, pasó por Santiago, La Coruña, Madrid, Huesca, Pontevedra y Vigo. Describimos su activa participación en la sociedad de las ciudades en las que residió y citamos a personajes destacados que le influyeron. Cumplió un importante papel en la defensa de la salud pública municipal en Vigo, donde fue alcalde (1929-1930). Ocupó el cargo de gobernador civil en Huesca (1931) y el de director del Hospital Militar de Vigo (1917-1931). Sin descendencia, sus escasas cargas familiares le permitieron volcarse en una brillante carrera profesional, militar y política. (AU)

Review of the military and civil biography of Dr. Alfredo Pérez Viondi (1871-1938), from his birth in Havana to his death in Vigo. Studies, military career, participation in the wars of Cuba and Morocco, passing through Santiago, La Coruña, Madrid, Huesca, Pontevedra and Vigo. We describe his active participation in the society of the cities he lived and we quote prominent figures who influenced him. In Vigo, where he was mayor (1929-1930), he played a very important role in defending municipal public health. He was civil governor of Huesca (1931) and director of the Military Hospital of Vigo (1917-1931). Without children, his few family responsibilities allowed him to concentrate on a brilliant professional, military and political career. (AU)

Yugoslav Guerrilla Hospital Design Features and Operation in World War II.

In the most austere combat conditions, Yugoslav guerillas of World War II (WWII) demonstrated an innovative and effective hospitalization system that saved countless lives. Yugoslav Partisans faced extreme medical and logistical challenges that spurred innovation while waging a guerrilla war against the Nazis. Partisans used concealed hospitals ranging between 25 to 215 beds throughout the country with wards that were often subterranean. Concealment and secrecy prevented discovery of many wards, which prototypically contained two bunk levels and held 30 patients in a 3.5 × 10.5-meter space that included storage and ventilation. Backup storage and treatment facilities provided critical redundancy. Intra-theater evacuation relied on pack animals and litter bearers while partisans relied on Allied fixed wing aircraft for inter-theater evacuation.

A Hidden Gem: Highlighting the Indispensable Capabilities and History of the DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and DoD Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory.

The DoD Cholinesterase Monitoring Program and Cholinesterase Reference Laboratory have safeguarded U.S. government employees in chemical defense for over five decades. Considering Russia's potential deployment of chemical warfare nerve agents in Ukraine, it is critical to maintain a robust cholinesterase testing program and its efficiency presently and in future.

William Taylor, Peninsular War surgeon and deputy inspector of hospitals at Waterloo.

William Taylor was a British army surgeon remembered for his role as deputy inspector of hospitals (DIH) at Waterloo serving under Sir James Grant MD (1778-1852). No biography of Taylor exists beyond his entry in Drew's records of commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army. Taylor appears to have been a Scotsman and is first noted as a hospital mate in 1795. He joined the 10th Royal Dragoons (Hussars from 1806) as an assistant surgeon in 1797. He is recorded at Guildford (1800) and Brighton (1803). He was made surgeon in August 1803. A further reference to Taylor, deduced from the title of "regimental surgeon," is documented at Lewes, Sussex, in 1808. Taylor served with the 10th Hussars in the Peninsular and Challis' roll call records his service at the Battles of Sahagún (21 December 1808) and Benavente (29 December 1808). Taylor was transferred to the staff on 20 June 1811 and made DIH on 25 July 1811. He was put on half-pay before being reinstated for Waterloo. Taylor retired on half-pay in February 1816 and died at Turnham Green on 9 January 1820. His Waterloo medal was sold in 2006.

Surgery on the battlefield: Mobile surgical units in the Second World War and the memoirs they produced.

In the Second World War, there was a flowering of the battlefield surgery pioneered in the Spanish Civil War. There were small, mobile surgical units in all the theatres of the War, working close behind the fighting and deployed flexibly according to the nature of the conflict. With equipment transported by truck, jeep or mule, they operated in tents, bunkers and requisitioned buildings and carried out abdominal, thoracic, head and neck, and limb surgery. Their role was to save life and to ensure that wounded soldiers were stable for casualty evacuation back down the line to a base hospital. There is a handful of memoirs by British doctors who worked in these units and they make enthralling reading. Casualty evacuation by air replaced the use of mobile surgical units in later wars, throwing into doubt their future relevance in the management of battle wounds. But recent re-evaluations by military planners suggest that their mobility still gives them a place, so the wartime memoirs may have more value than simply as war stories.

Observations from the Korean War for Modern Military Medicine.

This paper reviews developments in military medicine during the Korean War and places them in the evolution of military medical lessons from the Second World War and the subsequent development of military medicine through the Vietnam War to the present day. The analysis is structured according to the '10 Instruments of Military Healthcare.' Whilst there were incremental developments in military medicine in all these areas, several innovations are specifically attributed to the Korean War. The introduction of helicopters to the battlefield led to the establishment of dedicated medical evacuation helicopters crewed with medical personnel and the evolution into the DUSTOFF system during the Vietnam War. Helicopter evacuation was the primary medical evacuation system in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The establishment of the Mobile Army Surgical Hospital during the Korean War were founded upon the US Auxiliary Surgical Groups or the UK Casualty Clearing Stations of World War II. The requirement for resuscitation and surgical teams close to the battlefield has endured through the development of mobile hospitals of varying sizes from Field Surgical Teams to the current 'modular' Hospital Centre and other international equivalents. There were many innovations in the clinical care of battle casualties covering wound shock, surgical techniques, preventive medicine, and acute psychiatric care that refreshed or advanced knowledge from the Second World War. These were enabled through the establishment of medical research programs that were managed within the theatre of operations. Further advances in all these clinical topics can be observed through the Vietnam War to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan - all of which were underpinned by institutional directed research programs. Finally, collaboration between international military medical services and the development of Korean military medical services is a major theme of this review. This 'military-tomilitary' and 'civil-military' medical engagement was also a major activity during the Vietnam War and more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan. Overall, the topics and themes in military medicine that were important during the Korean War can be considered to be part of trajectory of innovation in military medicine have been replicated in many subsequent wars. The paper also highlights some 'lessons' from World War II that had to be relearned in the Korean War, and some observations from the Korean War that had to be relearned in subsequent wars.

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano / George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirujano estadounidense / George W. Crile (1864-1943); exceptional American surgeon

George W. Crile (1864-1943); excepcional cirurgião americano, que serviu no Corpo Médico do Exército durante a Guerra Hispano-Americana. Durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, foi diretor cirúrgico do American Ambulance Hospital em Neuilly, na França. Ajudou fundar o American College of Surgeons em 1913, foi membro e diretor não apenas dessa organização, mas também da American Medical Association, da American Surgical Association, da Royal Academy of Surgeons e da Royal Academy of Medicine (Reino Unido). Em 1921, foi cofundador da Cleveland Clinic em Cleveland, Ohio, EUA. Foi um importante médico cujas pesquisas e escritos incluíam choque cirúrgico, função glandular, pressão arterial e transfusões, neurose de guerra e os efeitos da cirurgia em tempos de guerra. Ele também foi um cirurgião extraordinário e prolífico que introduziu inovações no tratamento cirúrgico de muitas patologias. Embora sua pesquisa tenha sido publicada há muito tempo, suas contribuições para a medicina continuam sendo fundamentais para a prática clínica nas salas de cirurgia e unidades de terapia intensiva atuais.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) fue un excepcional cirujano estadounidense que sirvió en el Cuerpo Médico del Ejército durante la Guerra Hispanoamericana. Durante la Primera Guerra Mundial fue director quirúrgico del American Ambulance Hospital de Neuilly (Francia). Ayudó a fundar el Colegio Americano de Cirujanos en 1913 y fue miembro y director no sólo de esta organización, sino también de la Asociación Médica Americana, la Asociación Quirúrgica Americana, la Real Academia de Cirujanos y la Real Academia de Medicina (Reino Unido). En 1921 fue cofundador de la Cleveland Clinic de Cleveland (Ohio, EE.UU.). Fue un importante médico cuyas investigaciones y escritos abarcaron el shock quirúrgico, la función glandular, la presión arterial y las transfusiones, la neurosis de guerra y los efectos de la cirugía en tiempos de guerra. También fue un cirujano extraordinario y prolífico que introdujo innovaciones en el tratamiento quirúrgico de muchas patologías. Aunque sus investigaciones se publicaron hace mucho tiempo, sus aportaciones a la medicina siguen siendo fundamentales para la práctica clínica en los quirófanos y unidades de cuidados intensivos actuales.

George W. Crile (1864-1943) was an exceptional American surgeon who served in the Army Medical Corps during the Spanish-American War. During the First World War, he was surgical director of the American Ambulance Hospital in Neuilly, France. He helped found the American College of Surgeons in 1913 and was a member and director not only of this organization, but also of the American Medical Association, the American Surgical Association, the Royal Academy of Surgeons and the Royal Academy of Medicine (UK). In 1921, he co-founded the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. He was an important physician whose research and writings included surgical shock, glandular function, blood pressure and transfusions, war neurosis and the effects of wartime surgery. He was also an extraordinary and prolific surgeon who introduced innovations in the surgical treatment of many pathologies. Although his research was published long ago, his contributions to medicine remain fundamental to clinical practice in today's operating rooms and intensive care units.

J. J. Woodward, the Philadelphia Centennial, and Medical Imaging in 19th Century America.

In his travelogue of the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial, What Ben Beverly Saw at the Great Exposition, James L. Dale described an exhibit that impressed him with both wonder and horror: a set of photographs documenting the outcomes of surgical operations that suggested procedures "of the most fearful character, which would seem impossible to perform, and the poor patient survive." What Dale described was the US Army Medical pavilion, where the displays were designed to convince domestic and international visitors of the professionalism and innovation of American medicine and in particular to highlight the contributions of military medicine. The medical building included a full-size model of an army field hospital and multiple exhibits constituting a representative sampling of collections from the US Army Medical Museum: photographic portraits of famous surgeons; enlarged microphotographs of blood, bone, and tissue samples; images of Civil War wounds and their treatments; artifacts and supplies for surgical procedures; and a painting, Thomas Eakins's The Gross Clinic. Together, this collection of artifacts presented viewers with a narrative of the current American medical field, with special focus on the Civil War as a catalyst for new medical discoveries. While Eakins's painting became the most famous image from the pavilion, it was not part of the original display, which was explicitly designed to demonstrate how surgeons and medical researchers used healing knowledge to transcend the devastation of the Civil War. This essay examines the exhibit's roots in wartime medicine and research and studies how Dr. Joseph Janvier Woodward planned and developed the exhibit to communicate with the public about current medical and surgical practice.

Battlefield Triage and Resource Allocation during a Pandemic: Learning from the Past and Adapting for the Future.

The principle of medical triage, where patients are sorted into categories to guide the order in which they receive treatment, dates back to Baron Dominique Jean Larrey, the surgeon general of Napolean's armies. The concept evolved with military conflicts throughout the 19th century, was subsequently adapted to situations off the battlefield, and is now widely practiced where resources are limited.2 Military medical providers are taught triage principles early in their careers and its use is routinely integrated into military training scenarios and operational planning.

Neurosurgery in 21st-Century Wars in the Middle East: Narrative Review of Literature.

Military neurosurgery has played a crucial role in the development of neurosurgery over time. Much of this progress is due to war-related experiences. Owing to the number and severity of war injuries and the limitations caused by war, surgeons have had to examine different methods and design special protocols for patient management. Given that in recent decades most wars have taken place in the Middle East, many lessons can be learned by reviewing the experiences of neurosurgeons in these wars. Wars in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Lebanon, and Yemen have been the largest and longest conflicts in the Middle East since the beginning of the 21st century, and a number of studies reported the experiences of surgeons in these wars. In this study, we reviewed the experience of military surgeons in managing war neurosurgical injuries in these areas within the last 2 decades.

El servicio de transfusión del ejército republicano durante la Guerra Civil Española y su influencia en Gran Bretaña en la Segunda Guerra Mundial / The blood transfusion service of the republican army during the Spanish Civil War and its influence in Great Britain in World War II

Al final de la Primera Guerra Mundial, el valor de la transfusión sanguínea era ampliamente reconocido, pero no fue hasta la Guerra Civil Española (1936-1939) cuando se crearon grandes organizaciones civiles de donantes de sangre para proporcionar sangre conservada (citratada) para la transfusión en pacientes civiles y militares en ambos bandos. Se desarrollaron técnicas de transfusión indirecta para administrar esta sangre, con instrumental de fácil manejo, capaz de ser llevado a cabo en cualquier lugar y por cualquiera con experiencia en la administración de inyecciones endovenosas. También se establecieron sistemas eficaces de transporte y distribución, a fin de abastecer adecuadamente las instalaciones sanitarias que prestaban servicio en los frentes de batalla en movimiento. Este trabajo pionero permitió la creación, por primera vez en la historia, de servicios militares de transfusión de sangre. Si bien este fue el caso tanto de las fuerzas insurgentes (nacionalistas) como del Gobierno republicano español, es este último el que constituye el foco de estudio aquí. Esto es posible gracias a las publicaciones del hematólogo catalán Frederic Duran Jordà, creador y director del Servicio Republicano de Transfusión de Sangre, que detallan las técnicas y procedimientos desarrollados durante la guerra para la recogida, análisis, distribución y transfusión de sangre. Esta información se amplía, especialmente con respecto a la aplicación práctica de la transfusión en primera línea, gracias a diferentes publicaciones del Dr. Reginald Saxton, voluntario británico integrado en la Sanidad Militar de la Republica. Es nuestra intención demostrar que las autoridades británicas se beneficiaron de la experiencia española en vísperas del estallido de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1939. Les ayudó a desarrollar planes para los servicios de transfusión que resultarían cruciales en el tratamiento de bajas civiles y militares durante la contienda. Frederic Duran Jordà y Reginald Saxton fueron asesores clave, junto con otros que regresaban de España, incluyendo a la reconocida hematóloga británica, Janet Vaughan. Además, los principios desarrollados en España (1936-39) para la práctica militar de transfusiones de sangre siguen respaldando las medidas actuales de reanimación de heridos en el campo de batalla.

By the end of the First World War, the value of blood transfusion was widely recognized, but it was not until the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that large civilian blood donor organizations were created to provide preserved (citrated) blood for transfusion, for both civilian and military patients. Indirect transfusion techniques were developed to administer this blood, with easy-to-use instruments, capable of being carried out anywhere and by any medical personnel with experience in the administration of intravenous injections. Efficient transportation and distribution systems were also established in order to adequately supply the sanitary facilities that served the moving battle fronts. This pioneering work enabled the creation, for the first time in history, of military blood transfusion services. While this was the case for both the insurgent (Nationalist) forces and those of the Spanish Republican Government, it is the latter that forms the focus of this particular study. This is made possible by the publications of Catalan hematologist Frederic Duran Jordà, creator and director of the Republican Blood Transfusion Service, who details the techniques and procedures developed during the war for the collection, testing, distribution and transfusion of blood. Further insight - especially with regard to the practical application of front-line transfusion - can be gleaned from the various writings of Dr Reginald Saxton, British volunteer with the Republican Sanidad Militar. It is the intention, here, to demonstrate that the British authorities benefitted greatly from the Spanish experience in the development of plans for transfusion services that would prove crucial in treating civilian and military casualties during World War II (1939-1945). Frederic Duran Jordà, and Reginald Saxton were key advisers, together with others returning from Spain, including renowned British hematologist, Janet Vaughan. Moreover, the principles developed in Spain (1936-39) for delivery of military blood transfusion practice still support current measures in battlefield casualty resuscitation.

Baron Larrey at the Dawn of Correlative Neuroanatomy.

In 1820, a young soldier was accidentally injured by a splinter of a fencing sword that penetrated through the right orbit into the brain. Examination by the French military surgeon Baron D.-J. Larrey revealed nominal aphasia, right hemiplegia, and monocular temporal hemianopia with an altitudinal component in the right eye only. In this paper, we aimed to reconstruct Larrey's contribution to neurology in the eve of correlative neuroanatomy. Larrey predicted that the blade passed from the roof of the right orbit to graze the root of the right optic nerve at the chiasm and from there, into the vicinity of the left Sylvian fissure. This course was verified posthumously 3 months later. Larrey's previous experience with galvanic currents enabled the adoption of Samuel von Sömmering's idea of regarding the brain as a telegraphing system made of a multitude of galvanic piles sending and receiving messages from distant points. Larrey's description is a very early diligent study of the tracks of penetrating head injuries. It correlates the symptoms with the injured cerebral tissues together with autopsy verification. Here are the beginnings of the construction of human correlative neuroanatomy, which lingered until flourishing in the first decades of the 20th century.